The former player: 'I really hoped to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This article contains details of racially offensive comments and conduct
FormerEngland player Luther Burrell claims that going public to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby led his career to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "comments" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to end my career because of what occurred," he explained to reporters.
"I really wanted to continue playing, of course I did. I sought that, and it fell through when news came out that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the fate and accept that this entire situation is a lot more important than me."
A rugby governing body report in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were true "on the balance of probability", but stated it could not gather enough evidence to categorically say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their squad for the 2015 tournament
Burrell revealed to media he also encountered discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within England camp," he stated.
"Some discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the problem that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a extended period you just learn to believe that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell says he was finally motivated to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and told him to put sun cream on his wrists and ankles "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's revelations had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the professional level and to the implementation of an action plan for the elite level."
"The organization has placed significant focus on diversity and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both prior and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"We are continuing work with clubs and stakeholders in the professional game to strive for a culture of acceptance but recognize this requires patience and is an continuous effort."
All Prem and women's rugby club now has in-person training on creating welcoming cultures, with its effectiveness monitored via specific documentation and surveys.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to intervene and protect others from damaging conduct.
"You should be so pleased of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this effect on you and ended your career, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff passed away shortly after the production of the documentary, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a council estate in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the game more accessible.
His charitable organization works to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and help them thrive on and off the pitch with free sports coaching, mentoring and dietary education.
"My motivations are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if nobody else is prepared to tell their story then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he explained.
"We have an obligation to make the game as excellent as it can be and the longer I talk about it hopefully the more confident others will feel about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I grab the bull by the horns and keep carrying this banner and continue supporting this responsibility and accomplish what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more welcoming.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that rugby has the ability to transform their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in November 2022